PARTS OF SPEECH
v
NOUN
1. Noun Ending
(suffixes)
o
-ity : nationality,
legality
o
-ment : appointment,
agreement
o
-ness : happiness,
illness
o
-ion : television, action
o
-ation : relation,
transportation
o
-er/or : educator, gardener
o
-ing : finishing, understanding (gerund)
2. Position in
Sentence
ü
A noun come after a
determiner : determiner + noun
Your bicycle
This agreement
Your bicycle
This agreement
ü
Nouns come after one
or more adjectives: adjective + noun
The great restaurant → great : adjective
A beautiful song → beautiful : adjective
The great restaurant → great : adjective
A beautiful song → beautiful : adjective
3. Function in a
Sentence
ü
Noun as a subject
Doctors work hard
Barbara is ugly
ü
Noun as an object
He likes coffee
My brother loves Sinta
ü
Noun as a subject and
object
John is seeing Belinda
Flowers need water
Identification of Noun
Noun Gender
§
Waiter (man) –
waitress (woman)
§
Actor (man) – actress
(woman)
Noun Plurals
- Book - Books
- sandwich - sandwiches
- brush - brushes
- day - days
- Woman – Women
- Child - Children
Noun Phrase
ü
A noun come after a
determiner : determiner + noun
§
An article : an, a, the, any, some.
An apple
The office
§
A quantifier : no, few, a few, many, much, some, etc.
Much money
Few minutes
§
A possessive : my, your, his, her, our, their, Bob’s, Jessica’s,
etc. Examples:
My belt
Your bicycle
§
A demonstrative : this, that, these, those.
This agreement
The doctor
§
A numeral : one, two, three, etc.
Five girls
Three pens
§
A question word : which, whose, how many, etc.
Which dress do
you like?
How many messages
do you receive?
ü
Nouns come after one
or more adjectives: adjective + noun
The great old Indonesian building
A beautiful small new green book
Compound Nouns
Dining room
Orange juice
Orange juice
v
ADJECTIVE
Possessive Adjective
Ø
I →
my
Ø
You →
your
Ø
They →
their
Ø
We →
our
Ø
He →
his
Ø
She →
her
Ø
It →
its
Demonstrative Adjective
§
This is beyond of the
expectation. → as a subject –
singular
§
She makes those alone → as an object - plural
Interrogative Adjective
§
What do you buy for
Carla? → as an object
I buy some snacks for
Clara
§
Which come first? → as
a subject
Answer: An old man comes first.
Indefinite Adjective
§
I met two boys. One has given me his phone number.
§
All is not good.
§
Robert doesn’t see anybody at home.
v
VERB
1.
Helping Verbs / Auxiliary Verbs
Primary
helping verbs (3 verbs)
Person
|
To be
|
|||
Present
|
Past
|
Future
|
Perfect
|
|
I
|
am
|
was
|
be
|
been
|
You
|
are
|
was
|
be
|
been
|
They
|
are
|
were
|
be
|
been
|
We
|
are
|
were
|
be
|
been
|
He
|
is
|
was
|
be
|
been
|
She
|
is
|
was
|
be
|
been
|
It
|
is
|
was
|
be
|
been
|
- Have (have, has, had)
I/you/they/we → have/had
He/she/it → has/had
- Do (do, does, did)
I/you/they/we → do/did
He/she/it → does/did
He/she/it → does/did
Modal helping
verbs (10 verbs)
Ø
can, could
Ø
may, might
Ø
will, would,
Ø
shall, should
Ø
must/have to, had to
Ø
ought to
Semi-modal Verbs
Ø
Need
Ø
Dare
Ø
Used to
2. Main Verbs
§
Visit
§
Come
§
Run
§
Talk
§
Go
§
Sleep
§
Attend
§
Make
§
Lent
v
ADVERB
ü
Function
·
Modify a verb:
- John speaks loudly.
- John speaks loudly.
·
Modify an adjective:
- He is really handsome.
- He is really handsome.
·
Modify another adverb:
- She drives incredibly slowly.
- She drives incredibly slowly.
ü Form (-ly)
- quickly
- softly
- strongly
Some
adverbs have no particular form, for example:
- very
- never
- always
- often
- seldom
- still
ü
Position
·
Front (before the subject):
- Now we will study adverbs.
- Now we will study adverbs.
·
Middle (between the subject and the main verb):
- We often study adverbs.
- We often study adverbs.
·
End (after the verb or object):
- We study adverbs carefully.
- We study adverbs carefully.
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